Art History Ii Marilyn Stokstad Volume

According to Marilyn Stokstad, the British art historian:

Early Expressionistic movements

Expressionistic movements before and after 1910 were developed by three artists' groups:

• The Fauves ("wild beasts") • Die Brucke (“The Bridge”) • Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Rider”)

pioneered by James Ensor, Edward Munch and Vincent van Gogh. One of the earliest and most famous examples of Expressionism is the Starry Night which Vincent van Gogh painted from the window of his cell in the mental institution.

Early American Figurative Expressionists in the 1930s and 1940s

According to Klaus Kertess, curator of MOCAD:

  • Myth and Spirituality were represented by Max Weber (1881-19610) and Marsden Hartley (1877-1943)
  • Lyric restraint was represented by Milton Avery (1885-1965)
  • Visible clarity and directness were represented by Edwin Dickinson (1891-1978)

New York Figurative Expressionism of the 1950s

New York Figurative Expressionism of the 1950s represented a trend where "diverse New York artists countered the prevailing abstract mode to work with the figure."

Categories of figurative expressionist modes:

  • The figure can refer to an armature or framework on which expressionist canvases are built:

Willem de Kooning, (1904 - 1997); Jackson Pollock, (1912 - 1956); Conrad Marca-Relli, (1913 - 2000)

  • The figure was influenced by Old Master and history painting:

Larry Rivers, (1923 - 2002); Grace Hartigan (1922 - )

  • Representational portraiture:

Elaine de Kooning, (1918 - 1989); Balcomb Greene, (1904 - 1990); Robert de Niro, Sr., (1920 - 1993); Fairfield Porter, (1907 - 1975); Gregorio Prestopino, (1907-1984); Lester Johnson, (1919 - ); George McNeil, (1909 - 1995); and Robert Goodnough, (1917 - )

  • ”Allegorical Mythical painting that brought stylistic elements of the German expressionists to the heroic scale of the Abstract expressionists: "

Jan Müller, (1922 - 1958); Robert Beauchamp, (1923 - 1995) and Bob Thompson, (1937 - 1966)

According to Klaus Kertess, curator of MOCAD:

Aspects of Figuration in New York, 1950-1964

According to Judith E. Stein, During the war years and into the fifties, the general public was to remain highly suspicious of abstraction, considered by many as un-American. While the art critic Clement Greenberg successfully fought the public’s negative response to abstraction his attempt to intimidate the New York figurative painters of the fifties was less successful. A conversation recollected by Thomas B. Hess emphasized the perceived power of the critic:

In the winter of 1953 a new journal was founded, Reality. The editorial committee included:

  • Isabel Bishop (1902-1988)
  • Edward Hopper (1882-1967)
  • Jack Levine (1915- )
  • Raphael Soyer (1899-1987)
  • Henry Varnum Poor (1888-1970)

The Journal’s intention was “to rise to the defense of any painter’s right to paint any ways he wants.”

In the Autumn of 1959 Philip Pavia, the “partisan publisher” of It is, a magazine of abstract art wrote in an open letter to Leslie Katz, the new publisher of Arts Magazine :

Although the New York Figurative Expressionists lacked advocates of the stature of Clement Greenberg or Harold Rosenberg, they were recognized by critics who perceived them as the new radicals.

The literary historian, Marjorie Perloff has made a convincing argument that Frank O'Hara’s poems on the works of Garace Hartigan and Larry Rivers proved “that he was really more at home with painting that retains at least some figuration than with pure abstraction.” Frank O’Hara wrote an elegant defense in ”Nature and New Painting," 1954. He listed the following artists:

  • Grace Hartigan (1922-2008)
  • Larry Rivers (1923-2002)
  • Elaine de Kooning (1918-1989)
  • Jane Freilicher (1924- )
  • Robert de Niro, Sr. (1922-1993)
  • Felix Pasilis (1922- )
  • Wolf Kahn (1927- )

who responded to “the siren-like call of nature.” O’Hara aligned the New York Figurative Expressionists within abstract expressionism, which had always taken a strong position against an implied protocol, “whether at the Metropolitan Museum or the Artists Club.” Thomas B. Hess, wrote:

Boston Figurative Expressionism

The well-known art historian Judith Bookbinder established Boston Figurative Expressionism as an integral part of American modernism bracketing the Second World War:

The German Expressionists’ images of Max Beckman, George Grosz and Oskar Kokoschka were the source of Boston Figurative Expressionism.

The early members of the Boston Expressionsit group were immigrants or children’s of immigrants from Central Europe, and many of them were Jewish with Germanic background.

Members of the Boston Figurative Expressionists:

  • David Aronson (1923- )
  • Hyman Bloom (1913-2009)
  • Bernard Chaet (1924- )
  • Philip Guston (1913-1980)
  • William Harsh
  • Suzanne Hodes
  • Jon Imber (1950- )
  • Reed Kay
  • Jack Levine (1915- )
  • Arthur Polonsky (1925- )
  • Barbara Swan (1922- )
  • Lois Tarlow
  • Karl Zerbe (1903-1972)
  • Harold Zimmerman

Decline of Abstract Expressionism – West Coast Figurative Expressionsim

Chicago’s figurative expressionists of the 1950s “shared a deep concern with an existential human image of thwarted but inexorable endurance.” According to the Poet and Art Critic, Carter Ratcliff:

Members of the Chicago figurative expressionists:

  • George Cohen (1919- )
  • Leon Golub (1922-2004)
  • Seymour Rosofsky (1924-1981)
  • H. C. Westermann (1922-1981)

In the United States by the end of the 1950s… Abstract Expressionism was no longer, in fact, new... The crisis of Abstract Expressionism now freed many …artists to follow their long-frustrated inclination to paint the figure,” which resulted in the resurgence of the American Figurative Expressionsim. Richard Diebenkorn was among the earliest Abstract Expressionist who returned to the figure before the crisis of Abstract Expressionism.

Early figurative painters of the San Francisco area:

  • Elmer Bischoff (1916-1991)
  • Richard Diebenkorn (1922-1993)
  • David Park (1911-1960)

Bay area figurative artists 1950-1965: ,

  • Theophilus Brown (1919- )
  • Paul Wonner (1920-2008)
  • James Weeks (1922-1998)
  • Hassel Smith (1915-2007)
  • Nathan Oliveira (1928- )
  • Bruce McGaw (1935- )
  • Joan Brown (1938-1992)
  • Manuel Neri (1930- )
  • Joan Savo (1918-1992)
  • Rolland Petersen (1926- )

References

  1. ^ Marilyn Stokstad, Art History, Volume II, Revised edition. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall ©1999.) ISBN 0130828726 9780130828729 p.1025
  2. ^ Marilyn Stokstad, Art History, Volume II, Revised edition. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall ©1999.) ISBN 0130828726 9780130828729 pp.1038-1039
  3. ^ Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism, The Other Tradition (Newport Beach, Calif. : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988.)ISBN 0847809420 9780847809424 0917493125 9780917493126 p.22; p.23
  4. ^ Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism, Introduction (Newport Beach, Calif. : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988.)ISBN 0847809420 9780847809424 0917493125 9780917493126
  5. ^ Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism (Newport Beach, Calif. : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988.)ISBN 0847809420 9780847809424 0917493125 9780917493126 p.15
  6. ^ Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism, The Other Tradition (Newport Beach, Calif. : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988.)ISBN 0847809420 9780847809424 0917493125 9780917493126 p.17
  7. ^ Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism, Figuring Out the Fifties, (Newport Beach, Calif. : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988.)ISBN 0847809420 9780847809424 0917493125 9780917493126 pp. 37-51
  8. ^ Willem De Kooning; Thomas B. Hess; M. Knoedler & Co., De Kooning; recent paintings, (New York, Walker and Company, 1967.) OCLC: 320929 p.40
  9. ^ ”Editorial,” Reality, A Journal of Artists’ Opinions (Spring 1954), p.2 and p.8
  10. ^ Philip Pavia, “An Open Letter to Leslie Katz, Publisher of Arts Magazine, New York City,” It is (Autumn 1959), p.79
  11. ^ Martica Sawin, “Jan Müller: 1922-1958,” Arts Magazine 33 (February 1959), p.39
  12. ^ Marjorie Perloff, Frank O’Hara, poet among painters, (New York: G. Braziller, 197

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