Christian Super Bowl Sunday
Christian Super Bowl Sunday
Sunday (pronounced /ˈsʌndi/ or /ˈsʌndeɪ/ ) is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In most Christian traditions it is the Lord's Day, as opposed to the seventh-day Sabbath or Jewish Shabbat . For many Christians it is the day set apart for worship of God, due to their belief in Christ's resurrection on a Sunday, according to the Gospels.
EU countries consider it the seventh or the last day of the week. In the UK Sunday is the seventh day in the civil week. In the Jewish law, Sunday is the first day of the Hebrew calendar week.
Sunday is a day of rest in many countries of the world, part of 'the weekend'. In most Muslim countries, and Israel, Sunday is a working day.
The Gregorian calendar repeats every 400 years, and no century starts on a Sunday. The Jewish New Year never falls on a Sunday. Only those months beginning on a Sunday will contain a Friday the 13th.
Etymology
The English noun Sunday derived sometime before 1250 from sunedai , which itself developed from Old English (before 700) Sunnandæg (literally meaning "sun's day"), which is cognate to other Germanic languages, including Old Frisian sunnandei , Old Saxon sunnundag , Middle Dutch sonnendach (modern Dutch zondag ), Old High German sunnun tag (modern German Sonntag ), and Old Norse sunnudagr (Danish and Norwegian søndag , and Swedish söndag ). The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis ("day of the sun"), which is a translation of the Greek heméra helíou . The p-Celtic Welsh language also translates the Latin "day of the sun" as dydd Sul .
In most Indic languages, the word for Sunday is Ravivar or Adityavar — var meaning day, Aditya and Ravi both being a style (manner of address) for Surya, the chief solar deity and one of the Adityas. Ravivaar is first day cited in Nakshtra Jyotish , which provides logical reason for giving the name of each week day. In the Thai solar calendar of Thailand, the name is derived from Aditya, and the associated color is red.
The first Christian reference to Sunday is found in the First Apology of St. Justin Martyr (c. 150 AD). In a well-known passage of the Apology (Chapter 67), Justin describes the Christian custom of gathering for worship on Sunday. "And on the day called Sunday , all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits . . .", he writes. Evidently Justin used the term Sunday because he was writing to a non-Christian, pagan audience. In Justin's time, Christians usually called Sunday the Lord's Day because they observed it as a weekly memorial of Jesus Christ's resurrection. The Roman Catholic Church believes that the resurrection of Christ occurred on the day following seventh-day Sabbath, which is Sunday, and makes it a portal to timeless eternity that transcends the seven-day weekly cycle.
Position in the week
The official ISO 8601 Calendar Standard states that Monday is the first day of the week. In the Judaeo-Christian tradition Sunday has been considered as the first day of the week. In European countries calendars almost always show Monday as the first day of the week. There are also countries where both types of calendar can be found, which causes trouble for computer software that attempts to determine a user's calendrical preferences based purely on their location.
A number of languages appear to reflect Sunday's status as the first day of the week. In Greek, the names of the days Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday ( Δευτέρα , Τρίτη , Τετάρτη , and Πέμπτη ) mean "second", "third", "fourth", and "fifth", respectively. This suggests that Sunday was once counted as Πρώτη , that is, "first". The current Greek name for Sunday, Κυριακή , means "Lord's Day". Similarly in Vietnamese, the working days in the week are named as: "Thứ Hai" (second), "Thứ Ba" (third), "Thứ Tư" (fourth), "Thứ Năm" (fifth), "Thứ Sáu" (sixth), "Thứ Bảy" (seventh). Sunday is called "Chủ Nhật", a corrupted form of "Chúa Nhật" meaning "Lord's Day". Some colloquial text in the south of Vietnam and from the church may still use the old form to mean Sunday.
A similar system of naming days of the week occurs in Portuguese. Monday is segunda-feira , which means "second day", also showing Sunday ( domingo ) to be counted as the first day. Modern Latin uses "feria secunda" for Monday.
In the Maltese language, due to its Siculo-Arabic origin, Sunday is called Il-Ħadd , a corruption of wieħed meaning "one". Monday is It-Tnejn meaning "two". Similarly Tuesday is It-Tlieta (three), Wednesday is L-Erbgħa (four) and Thursday is Il-Ħamis (five).
Slavic languages implicitly number Monday as day number one, not two. For example, Polish has wtorek (2nd) for Tuesday, czwartek (4th) for Thursday and piątek (5th) for Friday. Although "Monday" in Polish is "poniedziałek", which means "a day after Sunday (Niedziela)". Hungarian péntek (Friday) is a Slavic loanword, so the correlation with "five" is not evident to Hungarian speakers.
Sunday and Sabbath
See also: Sabbath in ChristianityChristians from very early times have had differences of opinion on the question of whether Sabbath should be observed on a Saturday or a Sunday. The issue does not arise for Jews, for whom Shabbat is unquestionably on Saturday, nor for Muslims whose day of assembly (jumu'ah) is on a Friday.
The first given evidence for a differentiation, between traditional Jewish Shabbat observance and the religious observance of the first day of the week, appears in Acts 20:7 where the disciples met and "broke bread" together. Some believe this was a participation in the ordinance of the sacrament. (In previous verses, the Days of Unleavened Bread had just ended, including Passover, so it could not have been the anniverary commemoration, but it could have been a communion service done in remembrance.) Seventh-day Sabbatarians say that the believers met on all days of the week to "break bread" together for the sake of meals and fellowship, such as in Acts 2:46, regarding the incident in Acts 20:7 as nothing outside of usual practice.
Col. 2:16 suggests that early Christians had been judged by others in their traditions of eating foods and in observance of particulars of Sabbath and festivals. Also, the Jews had defined "forty minus one" works to be abstained from on Shabbat , and Jesus and his disciples had been accused of breaking some of these customs during his ministry.
The Apostle John also refers to the "Lord's Day" ( kuriake hemera ) in Rev. 1:10. Kuriake , meaning "Lord's", later became the Greek word for Sunday. Some early Christians observed Sabbath on Saturday, though resting on Saturday was prohibited by the church in 363 A.D.; over the first centuries an increasing number of Christians gathered for worship on Sunday.
The Roman calendar included the day of the Sun for worship of the sun (see Sol Invictus). On 7 March 321, Constantine I, Rome's first Christian Emperor (see Constantine I and Christianity), decreed that Sunday ( dies Solis ) would be observed as the Roman day of rest :
Many Christians today consider Sunday a holy day and a day of rest and church-attendance. Denominations which observe Saturday as Sabbath are called "Sabbatarians"; however, the name "Sabbatarian" has also been claimed by Christians, especially Protestants, who believe Sunday must be observed with just the sort of rigorous abstinence from work associated with Shabbat . For most Christians the custom and obligation of Sunday rest has not been as strict. A minority of Christians do not regard the day they attend church as important, so long as they attend, as the apostles and desciples gathered on Sundays, on Saturdays, and whenever they could; some of these still regard Sabbath as being Saturday. How strict or lax the particulars of the day vary, though some cessation of normal weekday activities is customary.
In Orthodox Christian families and communities, working and requiring somebody else to work are prohibited (including buying goods or services, use of public transport, driving a car, gardening, washing a car, etc.). Allowed exceptions include religious services, electricity, and urgent medical matters. In Roman Catholicism, those who work in the medical field, those in law enforcement, and soldiers in a war zone are dispensed from the usual obligation to avoid work on Sunday.
The majority of Christians observe Sunday as the Lord's day. However, throughout history one sometimes finds Christian groups that continued or revived the observance of Saturday Sabbath. More recently in history, Christians in the Seventh-day Adventist, Seventh Day Baptist, and Church of God (Seventh-Day) denominations (along with many related or similar denominations), as well as many Messianic Jews, have revived the practice of abstaining from work and gathering for worship on Saturdays.
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