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Hōkūle ʻ a is a performance-accurate full-scale replica of a wa ʻ a kaulua , a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe. Launched on 8 March 1975 by the Polynesian Voyaging Society, she is best known for her 1976 Hawai ʻ i to Tahiti voyage performed with Polynesian navigation techniques, without modern navigational instruments. The primary goal of the voyage was to further support the anthropological theory of the Asiatic origin of native Oceanic people (Oceania maps:detail, region), of Polynesians and Hawaiians in particular, as the result of purposeful trips through the Pacific, as opposed to passive drifting on currents, or sailing from the Americas. (Scientific results of 2008, from DNA analysis, illuminate this theory of Polynesian settlement.) A secondary goal of the project was to have the canoe and voyage "serve as vehicles for the cultural revitalization of Hawaiians and other Polynesians." (Finney, Voyage of Rediscovery , p. 71)
Since the 1976 voyage to Tahiti and back, Hōkūle‘a has completed nine more voyages to destinations in Micronesia, Polynesia, Japan, Canada, and the United States, all using ancient wayfinding techniques of celestial navigation. Her last completed voyage began 19 January 2007, when Hōkūle‘a left Hawai ʻ i with the voyaging canoe Alingano Maisu on a voyage through Micronesia (map) and ports in southern Japan. The voyage was expected to take five months. On 9 June 2007, Hōkūle‘a completed the "One Ocean, One People" voyage to Yokohama, Japan. On April 5, 2009, Hōkūle‘a returned to Honolulu following a roundtrip training sail to Palmyra Atoll, undertaken to develop skills of potential crewmembers for Hōkūle‘a's eventual circumnavigation, currently planned to commence in 2012.
When not on a voyage, Hōkūle‘a is moored at the Marine Education Training Center (METC) of Honolulu Community College in Honolulu Harbor.
Construction and purpose
Ancient voyaging canoes were a specialized type of wooden sailing vessel used in ancient Hawai ʻ i, whereas Hōkūle‘a is built of plywood, fiberglass and resin. Hōkūle‘a measures 61 feet 5 inches (18.7 m) LOA, 15 feet 6 inches (4.72 m) at beam, displaces 16,000 pounds (7,260 kg) when empty and can carry another 11,000 pounds (4,990 kg) between gear, supplies, and 12 to 16 crew. Fully laden, with her 540-square-foot (50.2 m 2 ) sail area, she is capable of speeds of 4 to 6 knots (5 to 7 mph; 7 to 10 km/h) while reaching in 15-to-25-knot (17 to 29 mph; 28 to 46 km/h) trade winds. Her twin masts are rigged either crab claw or Marconi style and she flies a small jib; she is steered with a long paddle. She has no auxiliary motor so she is towed into harbor by her escort vessel when required. Her name means "star of gladness" in Hawaiian, which refers to Arcturus, a guiding zenith star for Hawaiian navigators. In layman's terms, Arcturus passes directly overhead at Hawai ʻ i's latitude so it helps sailors find Hawai ʻ i.
Description of Hōkūle‘a , the boat, is only part of her story, since she is navigated by non-instrument means. But in 1975, no Hawaiian living knew these ancient techniques for blue water voyaging. To enable the voyage, the Polynesian Voyaging Society recruited the Satawalese Master Navigator Mau Piailug to share his knowledge of non-instrument navigation. While up to six Micronesian navigators still used these traditional methods as of the mid-1970s, only Mau was willing to share his knowledge with the Polynesians.
Mau, who "barely spoke English," realized that by reaching beyond his own culture, through sharing what had been closely-guarded knowledge, he could possibly save it from loss. Through his collaboration with the Polynesian Voyaging Society, Mau's mentorship has helped "spark pride in the Hawaiian and Polynesian culture," leading to "a renaissance of voyaging, canoe building, and non-instrument navigation that has continued to grow, spreading across Polynesia (map) and reaching to its far corners of Aotearoa and Rapanui ." (Thompson, Reflections on Mau Piailug , 1996)
List of voyages
* Shown at first mention of the crew person's name, denotes this person has died according to Polynesian Voyaging Society website, or other source as noted.
1976 Inaugural Voyage
Hōkūle‘a , led by Captain Elia David Ku ʻ ualoha "Kawika" Kapahulehua * and Navigator Pius Mau "Mau" Piailug, departed Honolua Bay, Maui, Hawai ʻ i for Pape ʻ ete, Tahiti, as part of the celebration of the United States Bicentennial. Mau navigated the leg to Tahiti with only his traditional knowledge and skills while the return leg was navigated using modern methods and tools (compass, nautical charts, sextant, chronometer, dividers, parallel rulers, pencil, nautical almanac).
Legs of Inaugural Voyage
- Honolua Bay, Maui, Hawai ʻ i (map), United States – Pape ʻ ete, Tahiti (map), Society Islands (map), French Polynesia (map): 1 May 1976 to 4 June 1976
1976 Crew to Tahiti
Navigator: Mau Piailug; Captain: "Kawika" Kapahulehua; Crew: Clifford Ah Mow, Milton "Shorty" Bertelmann, Ben R. Finney, Charles Tommy Holmes * , Sam Kalalau * , Boogie Kalama, Buffalo Keaulana, John Kruse, Douglas "Dukie" Kuahulu * , David Henry Lewis * , David B. K. "Dave" Lyman III * , William "Billy" Richards, Rodo Tuku Williams * .
- Pape ʻ ete, Tahiti, French Polynesia – Hawai ʻ i, United States: 5 July 1976 to 26 July 1976
1976 Crew to Hawai ʻ i
Navigator: James "Kimo" Lyman; Captain: "Kawika" Kapahulehua; Crew: Abraham "Snake" Ah Hee, Andy Espirto * , Mel Kinney, Francis Kainoa Lee, Gordon Pi ʻ ianai ʻ a, Leonard Puputauiki, Penny Rawlins, Keani Reiner * , Charles Nainoa "Nainoa" Thompson, Maka'ala Yates, Ben Young.
1977 Kealaikahiki Project
In English, the Hawaiian "Ke ala i kahiki" means "the path to Tahiti." The " Kealaikahiki Project " recreated the traditional Kealaikahiki Point departure of ancient voyages to Tahiti. Gordon Pi ʻ ianai ʻ a's idea to recreate the traditional departures took Hōkūle‘a southeast, across Kealaikahiki Channel between Lāna ʻ i and Kaho ʻ olawe Islands, past Kealaikahiki Point, into the ʻ Alenuihāhā Channel and the northeast trade winds. The object was to determine whether Hōkūle‘a , departing from west of the 1976 Honolua Bay, Maui, departure point, would bisect the more easterly 1976 voyage track, and so likely reach Tahiti were she to continue. After heading south for two days, Hōkūle‘a did not bisect the 1976 voyage track, but likely would have further south than anticipated. She came about and returned to Hawai ʻ i. The traditional departure point would be used for subsequent sailings to Tahiti.
Legs of Kealaikahiki Project
- Honolulu, O ʻ ahu – Manele Bay, Lāna ʻ i – Kealaikahiki Point, Kaho ʻ olawe, Hawai ʻ i (map), United States – a point at sea, ninety miles south of Ka Lae, Hawai ʻ i Island – Honolulu, Hawai ʻ i, United States: 1 April 1977 to 10 April 1977
Crew for Kealaikahiki Project
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Dave Lyman; Crew: Teené Froiseth, Sam Ka ʻ ai, Sam Kalalau, John Kruse, "Kimo" Lyman, Jerome "Jerry" Muller, Gordon Pi ʻ ianai ʻ a, Norman Pi ʻ ianai ʻ a, Michael A. Tongg * , Maka ʻ ala Yates
1978 Tahiti Voyage
A second voyage to Tahiti was aborted when Hōkūle‘a capsi
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