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Quiz bowl (or quizbowl ) is a family of games of questions and answers on all topics of human knowledge that is commonly played by students enrolled in high school or college, although some participants begin in middle or even elementary school.
Though any student may audition to join a team, quiz bowl also is recommended as an enrichment activity for gifted and talented students. Participants may benefit from studying a broad range of academic subjects, increasing memorization and study skills, learning to work in teams and expanding capacity for responsibility.

The game is typically played with a lockout buzzer system between some number of teams, most commonly two teams of four or five players each. A moderator reads questions to the teams, whose players endeavor to buzz in first with the correct answer, scoring points for their team.

Quiz bowl is also known by various other names, such as Academic Bowl , Academic Challenge , Academic League , Academic Team , Battle of the Brains , Brain Bowl , Brain Game , College Bowl , It's Academic , Knowledge Bowl , Scholar Quiz Bowl , Scholastic Bowl , and Scholar's Bowl.

History

At the collegiate level, academic quiz bowl competitions enjoyed broad exposure in the United States media via College Bowl, which started on radio in 1953 and aired on national television from 1959 to 1970. In 1977, the format was revived on college campuses by College Bowl Company Inc. (CBCI), which operated until 2008. In September 1990, the Academic Competition Federation (ACF) was incorporated as the first major alternative to College Bowl on university campuses. In 1996, National Academic Quiz Tournaments (NAQT) was founded. Today, most major college-level competitions are run by either ACF or NAQT, with varying formats and governing rules.

In recent years, many former quiz bowl contestants have gone on to become successful game show contestants, including three of the top dollar winners in the history of Jeopardy! : Ken Jennings, David Madden and Brad Rutter.

Gameplay

There are several different formats of quiz bowl, but they generally share the following rules for playing. (See Formats below)

Two teams of (typically) 4 players, sometimes 5, each sit at a buzzer set, which is like a set of TV game show buzzers. Anyone who rings or buzzes in prevents anyone else from doing so. If a round is timed, a countdown timer is used. Most questions have a 5 second time limit. Each game is played with a packet of questions, which a moderator reads.

There are two basic types of questions asked: tossups (typically worth 10-15 points) and bonuses (worth a maximum of 20–40 points). Other types of questions include lightning or rapid-fire rounds, which usually consist of ten questions and sixty seconds, with only one team given the chance to respond. The other team may have the chance to answer the questions the first team missed; then the second team gets its own set of questions, and the first team may get to answer any missed questions.

Tossup questions

Tossup questions, commonly referred to as tossups, can be answered by any player from either team. Tossups must be answered individually, without the aid of teammates or the audience. Aid by teammates is known as conferring and is generally not allowed. The first person from either side to buzz in may attempt to answer the question. Unlike the current version of Jeopardy! , one may interrupt the moderator and give an answer. If the answer given is incorrect, then no other member of their team may attempt to answer and only players from the other team may ring in. Only one player per team may try to answer a given question.

Scoring

In most American formats, correct tossup answers earn the team 10 points. In some formats, if the question is answered prior to a certain clue in the question, the team earns 15 or 20 points. In some formats, answering the question incorrectly after interrupting the question, results in a five point penalty.

If a tossup is successfully answered, the answerer's team is given control of a bonus question. The bonus question is usually given in multiple parts, with each part being worth a stated number of points. Teams are generally permitted to confer with each other on these questions. In some formats, only the team which answered the tossup question correctly can answer the bonus. In other formats, the other team is given an opportunity to answer any parts of the bonus that were not answered by the team in control of the bonus.

Bonus questions

Bonuses can only be answered by one team (at the high school level, some formats allow the other team to answer parts of the bonus question which the first team fails to answer; this is called rebounding or a bounce-back). The team may work together (confer) to answer the bonus question. Usually, bonus questions require multi-part answers, and tossups single-part answers.

Scoring:

Total of 20 to 30 points possible (ACF and NAQT formats currently set all bonuses at 30 points)
Often have multiple parts, each worth a small number of points (most typically, three parts, each worth 10 points)
No penalty for wrong answers
Scoring is only done in multiples of 5 (except in rare cases in the Illinois system when there are 3 or 5 part bonuses, the usual is 4 parts)

Games are either played in timed halves, or until a set number of tossups are read. In the case of a tied score, a tiebreaker is used. The nature of the tiebreaker varies by tournament and format. If a player or team feels that a question is in error, a protest may be made.If the tossup would have affected the outcome of the game. than this causes the question to be held for reevaluation, at which time points are adjusted if the points.

Overtime

Overtime only happens if there is a tie at the end of regulation play. This varies from format to format, and may include extra toss-ups until the score changes, entire toss-up/bonus sets until one team leads at the end of a set, a multiple-toss-up playoff, or a timed period of 1 or 2 minutes.

Subject areas

At the college and high school level, most questions are on all general subjects, including literature; history; science and math; social sciences; fine arts; geography; religion, mythology, and philosophy; and general knowledge. Question distribution over subjects and the number of questions on each varies in each format. Questions are asked on topics such as computer science and popular culture to a lesser extent and are referred to as "Trash."

Subjects in "Trash" games are generally considered to include current events, sports, pop culture, and some parts of the general knowledge catch-all. Much of traditional non-academic trivia falls under this heading.

Question styles

Between the college and high school level, there are several styles of writing questions. Each style "tests" for a particular skill or type of recall.

Toss-up

Toss-up questions are so named because each team has an equal opportunity to buzz in, answer the question, and win points.

Buzzer beaters

Buzzer beater, fast-buzz, or quick-recall questions are short with a single clue, and relatively simple. They have virtually disappeared at the college level. An example:

QUESTION: "Which company makes Macintosh computers?"

ANSWER: Apple (Computers)

This type of question is written specifically to test quick recall skills of players, and does not discriminate the different levels of knowledge that the players possess, as pyramid-style questions do.

Pyramid-style

Pyramid-style or pyramidal tossup questions include multiple clues, generally written so that each question starts with more difficult clues and moves toward easier clues. This type of toss-up is the standard style written in college tournaments, and is also used in numerous high school tournaments. Compare this example to the "quick recall" questions above:

QUESTION: In 1977, this Silicon Valley garage startup sold its computers for $666.66. In late 1997, it became a Fortune 500 company led by one of its two founding Steves, hoping that the public would "Think different" and buy more of "The computer for the rest of us.". For ten points, name this company which in 1984 introduced the Macintosh and now sells its popular iPod.

ANSWER: Apple (Computer)

Unlike Trivial Pursuit and Jeopardy! , quiz bowl players may interrupt the question and answer at any time. The lead-in clue ("In 1977, this Silicon Valley garage startup sold its computers for $666.66") uniquely identifies the desired answer, but is obscure enough so that those with deeper knowledge can answer earlier. As the question progresses, the clues become more accessible: Fortune 500, two founders named Steve, "Think Different", etc. The final "giveaway" clue, given after the phrase "for ten points", is often the easiest, such that most teams will be able to answer by this point.

Pyramid-style questions are designed to giv

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