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Office Open XML (also referred to as OOXML, or Open XML) is a file format for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. An Office Open XML file is a ZIP-compatible OPC package containing XML documents and other resources.
The Office Open XML format specification became a free and open Ecma International standard in 2006. In November 2008, after incorporating some of the proposed changes from JTC 1 members during the standardization process of Office Open XML a revised version of the specification was published as a multi-part International Standard ISO/IEC 29500:2008, Information technology – Office Open XML formats, and as ECMA-376 Office Open XML File Formats - 2nd edition (December 2008). ISO/IEC 29500:2008 is a 4 part standard specification that can be freely downloaded.
Microsoft originally developed the specification as a successor to its earlier binary and Office 2003 XML file formats. The specification was later handed over to Ecma International to be developed as the ECMA-376 standard, under the stewardship of Ecma International Technical Committee TC45. ECMA-376 was published in December 2006 and can be freely downloaded from Ecma International.
After initially failing to pass, an amended version of the format received the necessary votes for approval as an ISO/IEC Standard as the result of a JTC 1 fast tracking standardization process that concluded in April 2008.
Starting with Microsoft Office 2007, the Office Open XML file formats (ECMA-376) have become the default file format of Microsoft Office. However, due to the changes introduced between the versions, Office 2007 is not entirely in compliance with ISO/IEC IS 29500. Microsoft has stated that the planned Microsoft Office 2010 will be the first version to implement the ISO/IEC IS 29500 compliant version of Office Open XML.
Background
Prior to the 2007 edition, the core applications of the Microsoft Office software suite (primarily Word, Excel, and PowerPoint) by default stored their data in binary files. Historically, these files were difficult for other applications to interoperate with, due to the lack of publicly available information. Before 2007 Microsoft offered these binary format specifications under a royalty-free license and since 2007 the formats are directly downloadable from their site under a covenant not to sue as part of its Open Specification Promise. Due to Microsoft keeping their prior file formats secret, other office software had great difficulty obtaining full levels of interoperability. Microsoft came under increasing pressure to adopt an open file format, in particular several nations adopted rules that official documents should be in an open format.
In 2000, Microsoft released an initial version of an XML-based format for Microsoft Excel, which was incorporated in Office XP. In 2002, a new file format for Microsoft Word followed. The Excel and Word formats – known as the Office 2003 XML formats – were later incorporated into the 2003 release of Microsoft Office.
In May 2004, governments and the European Union recommended to Microsoft that they publish and standardize their XML Office formats through a standardization organization. Microsoft announced in November 2005 that it would standardize the new version of their XML-based formats through Ecma International, as "Ecma Office Open XML".
File format and structure
Office Open XML uses a file package conforming to the Open Packaging Conventions. This format uses mechanisms from the ZIP file format and contains the individual files that form the basis of the document. In addition to Office markup, the package can also include embedded files such as images, videos, or other documents.
Document markup languages
An Office Open XML file may contain several documents encoded in specialized markup languages corresponding to applications within the Microsoft Office product line. Office Open XML defines multiple vocabularies using 27 namespaces and 89 schema modules.
The primary markup languages are:
- WordprocessingML for word-processing
- SpreadsheetML for spreadsheets
- PresentationML for presentations
Shared markup language materials include:
- Office Math Markup Language (OMML)
- DrawingML used for vector drawing, charts, and for example, text art (additionally, though deprecated, VML is supported for drawing)
- Extended properties
- Custom properties
- Variant Types
- Custom XML data properties
- Bibliography
In addition to the above markup languages custom XML schemas can be used to extend Office Open XML.
The XML Schema of Office Open XML emphasizes reducing load time and improving parsing speed. In a test with applications current in April 2007, XML-based office documents were slower to load than binary formats. To enhance performance, Office Open XML uses very short element names for common elements and spreadsheets save dates as index numbers (starting from 1899 or from 1904). In order to be systematic and generic, Office Open XML typically uses separate child elements for data and metadata (element names ending in Pr for properties) rather than using multiple attributes, which allows structured properties. Office Open XML does not use mixed content but uses elements to put a series of text runs (element name r) into paragraphs (element name p). The result is terse and highly nested in contrast to HTML, for example, which is fairly flat, designed for humans to write in text editors and is more congenial for humans to read.
Office MathML (OMML)
Office Math Markup Language is a mathematical markup language which can be embedded in WordprocessingML, with intrinsic support for including word processing markup like revision markings, footnotes, comments, images and elaborate formatting and styles. The OMML format is different from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) MathML recommendation that does not support those office features, but is partially compatible through XSL Transformations.
The following Office MathML example defines the fraction: 
<m:oMathPara> <m:oMath> <m:f> <m:num><m:r> <m:t>π</m:t> </m:r></m:num> <m:den><m:r> <m:t>2</m:t> </m:r></m:den> </m:f> </m:oMath></m:oMathPara>
DrawingML
DrawingML is the vector graphics markup language used in Office Open XML documents. Its major features are the graphics rendering of text elements, graphical vector-based shape elements, graphical tables and charts.
The DrawingML table is the third table model in Office Open XML (next to the table models in WordprocessingML and SpreadsheetML) and is optimized for graphical effects and its main use is in presentations created with PresentationML markup. DrawingML contains graphics effects (like shadows and reflection) that can be used on the different graphical elements that are used in DrawingML. In DrawingML you can also create 3d effects, for instance to show the different graphical elements through a flexible camera viewpoint. It is possible to create separate DrawingML theme parts in an Office Open XML package. These themes can then be applied to graphical elements throughout the Office Open XML package.
DrawingML is unrelated to the other vector graphics formats such as SVG. These can be converted to DrawingML to include natively in an Office Open XML document. This is a different approach to that of the OpenDocument format, which uses a subset of SVG, and includes vector graphics as separate files.
A DrawingML graphic's dimensions are specified in English Metric Units (EMUs). This unit is defined as 1/360,000 of a centimeter and thus there are 914,400 EMUs per inch, and 12,700 EMUs per point. This unit was chosen so that integers can be used to accurately represent most dimensions encountered in a document. Floating point cannot accurately represent a fraction that is not a sum of powers of two and the error is magnified when the fractions are added together many times, resulting in misalignment. As an inch is 2.54 centimeters, or 127/50, the inch must be divided by 127 so that both 1 inch and 1 centimeter are an integer. To accurately represent decimal to 2 digits, a divisor of 100 is needed. To accurately represent a point a divisor of 72 is needed, which also allows divisions of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9,
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