Hid Conversion Kit Replacement Bulb
Hid Conversion Kit Replacement Bulb
A light-emitting diode ( LED ) (pronounced /ˌɛl.iːˈdiː/ ) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm 2 ), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products for general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light sources in automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. Airbus uses LED lighting in their A320 Enhanced since 2007, and Boeing plans its use in the 787. The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.
History
Discoveries and early devices
Electroluminescence was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Russian Oleg Vladimirovich Losev independently reported on the creation of a LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Russian, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide (GaSb), GaAs, indium phosphide (InP), and silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloys at room temperature and at 77 kelvins.
In 1961, experimenters Robert Biard and Gary Pittman working at Texas Instruments, found that GaAs emitted infrared radiation when electric current was applied and received the patent for the infrared LED.
The first practical visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak is seen as the "father of the light-emitting diode". M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972. In 1976, T.P. Pearsall created the first high-brightness, high efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths.
Up to 1968 visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, on the order of US $200 per unit, and so had little practical application. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. The technology proved to have major applications for alphanumeric displays and was integrated into HP's early handheld calculators. In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at under five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process invented by Dr. Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor. The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging techniques enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the necessary cost reductions. These techniques continue to be used by LED producers.
Practical use
The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, and even watches (see list of signal applications). These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Later, other colors became widely available and also appeared in appliances and equipment. As the LED materials technology became more advanced, the light output was increased, while maintaining the efficiency and the reliability to an acceptable level. The invention and development of the high power white light LED led to use for illumination (see list of illumination applications). Most LEDs were made in the very common 5 mm T1¾ and 3 mm T1 packages, but with increasing power output, it has become increasingly necessary to shed excess heat in order to maintain reliability, so more complex packages have been adapted for efficient heat dissipation. Packages for state-of-the-art high power LEDs bear little resemblance to early LEDs.
Continuing development
The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation and was based on InGaN borrowing on critical developments in GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN which were developed by Isamu Akasaki and H. Amano in Nagoya. In 1995, Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a very impressive result by using a transparent contact made of indium tin oxide (ITO) on (AlGaInP/GaAs) LED. The existence of blue LEDs and high efficiency LEDs quickly led to the development of the first white LED, which employed a Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce, or "YAG", phosphor coating to mix yellow (down-converted) light with blue to produce light that appears white. Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention.
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially, with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s, in a way similar to Moore's law. The advances are generally attributed to the parallel development of other semiconductor technologies and advances in optics and material science. This trend is normally called Haitz's Law after Dr. Roland Haitz.
In February 2008, Bilkent university in Turkey reported 300 lumens of visible light per watt luminous efficacy (not per electrical watt) and warm light by using nanocrystals .
In January 2009, researchers from Cambridge University reported a process for growing gallium nitride (GaN) LEDs on silicon. Production costs could be reduced by 90% using six-inch silicon wafers instead of two-inch sapphire wafers. The team was led by Colin Humphreys.
Technology
Physics
Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-n junction . As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers—electrons and holes—flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon.
The wavelength of the light emitted, and therefore its color, depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction . In silicon or germanium diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition which produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.
LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances in materials science have made possible the production of devices with ever-shorter wavelen
low cost HID Conversion Kit and HID Bulb Replacement ...
low cost HID Conversion Kit and HID Bulb Replacement supplier - replace your OEM bulbs and upgrade to HID Replacement Bulbs
HID KIT | HID BULB | XENON BULB | HID BALLAST | HID ...
HIGH QUALITY FREE SHIPPING HID KIT $79.95 HID BULB $39.95 LED ... want Slim HID Kit or Xenon HID Bulbs, or HID Replacement ... An Introduction to HID Conversion Kit & Xenon HID
HID Replacement Ballast HID Conversion Kit, Xenon HID ...
Know about HID conversion kit, HID replacement ballast, xenon HID kits, HID kit accessories, xenon hid conversion, HID light, HID light bulb, hid xenon lamp and hid xenon light at ...
Mod Express - HID Kits, HID Bulbs, HID Lights, HID ...
... most loved and trusted marketplace on the web by offering you high quality HID kits, replacement ... Mod Express HID Ballast (Single) Mod Express HID Bulb (Single)
HID Xenon Lights HID Conversion Kit Headlight Bulbs ...
HID Xenon Lights is your source for HID conversion kits, headlight ... H9 HID Bulbs Replacement Ballasts ... the correct bulb information you may order the corresponding HID conversion kit
Xtralights~HID Conversion Kits, Xenon Replacement Bulbs ...
Get world class Xenon Conversion Kits for vehicles including replacement bulbs ... HID Car Kits $179 up & HID Motorcycle ... True Bi-xenon Dual-bulbs HID kits for 9004, 9007 & H13 bulb ...
HID Replacement Bulb - HIDNY.COM HID Xenon Conversion ...
US distributor for best quality HID lights and auto accessories. We sell market best HID conversion Kits and replacements! We also carry LED bulbs, fog light, stripe led light ...
HID Kits - Xenon Kit - Car Lights
Car HID Kits - Xenon Lighting. Welcome to CarHIDKits.com, your ... No more taking out your bulbs or looking for bulb sizes ... don't need a kit, then choose from Light Bulbs or Replacement ...
Xenon Hid Kit: Hid Headlight, Hid Fog Light, Xenon ...
... hid kit, hid headlight, hid fog light, xenon conversion kits and hid kit ... Complete HID Conversion Kit; HID Replacement Ballast; HID Replacement Bulb; HID Kit Accessories
Osram Replacement D2S Bulb :: D2S Bulbs :: HID Bulbs ...
Osram Replacement D2S Bulb Genuine Philips,Osram and HIDS4U replacement D2S bulbs for HID xenon systems. Available in 4300K, 6000K and 8000K HID Conversion Kits from HIDS4U.
