Court Federal Federal Law Relations State
Court Federal Federal Law Relations State
Gun law in the United States is defined by a number of state and federal statutes. In the United States of America, the protection against infringement of the right to keep and bear arms is addressed in the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. This right was affirmed in the landmark United States Supreme Court case District of Columbia v. Heller in 2008. Most federal gun laws were enacted through:
- National Firearms Act (1934)
- Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (1968)
- Gun Control Act (1968)
- Firearms Owner's Protection Act (1986)
- Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1993)
- Federal Assault Weapons Ban (1994 - 2004) (now defunct)
In addition to federal gun laws, most states and some local jurisdictions have additionally imposed their own firearms restrictions. See Gun laws in the United States (by state).
History
In 1791, The Bill of Rights was ratified. The Bill of Rights includes the Second Amendment, which reads, “A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."
Ineligible persons
The following groups of people are ineligible to own firearms under the Gun Control Act of 1968 .
- Those convicted of felonies and certain misdemeanors
- Fugitives from justice
- Unlawful users of certain depressant, narcotic, or stimulant drugs
- Those adjudicated as mental defectives or incompetents or those committed to any mental institution and currently containing a dangerous mental illness.
- Illegal Aliens
- Those who have renounced U.S. citizenship
- Those persons dishonorably discharged from the Armed Forces
- Minors defined as under the age of eighteen for long guns and handguns
- Persons subject to a restraining order
- Persons convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence (an addition)
- Persons under indictment for a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year are ineligible to receive, transport, or ship any firearm or ammunition
Acquiring from dealers
Provided that federal law and the laws of both the dealer's and purchaser's states and localities are complied with:
- An individual 21 years of age or older may acquire a handgun from a dealer federally licensed to sell firearms in the individual's state of residence.
- An individual 18 years of age or older may purchase a rifle or shotgun from a federally licensed dealer in any state. However, the applicant may not purchase a pistol gripped long gun that does not have a shoulder stock until he or she is 21 years of age.
- It shall be unlawful for any licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer to sell, deliver, or transfer a firearm unless the federal firearms licensee receives notice of approval from a prescribed source approving the transfer.
- Sale of a firearm by a federally licensed dealer must be documented by a federal form 4473, which identifies and includes other information about the purchaser, and records the make, model, and serial number of the firearm. Sales to an individual of multiple handguns within a five-day period require dealer notification to the Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Violations of dealer record keeping requirements are punishable by a penalty of up to $1000 and one year's imprisonment.
- An individual holding a Curio and Relics License (officially a Type 03 Federal Firearms License (FFL); also called a C&R) may directly purchase firearms that are 50 or more years old from anyone AND any firearm officially recognized by the BATFE as a Curio and Relic (C&R).
Sales between individuals
- Federal law allows the sale of a long gun or a handgun between private parties of the same state as long as the purchaser is 18 years of age. An individual who does not possess a federal firearms license may not sell a modern firearm to a resident of another state without first transferring the firearm to a dealer in the purchaser's state. Firearms received by bequest or intestate succession are exempt from those sections of the law which forbid the transfer, sale, delivery or transportation of firearms into a state other than the transferor's state of residence. Likewise, antique firearms are exempt from these sections of the law in most states. (Antique firearms are defined as those manufactured pre-1899 by US federal law, or modern replicas thereof that do not use cartridges. State law definitions on antique firearms vary considerably from state to state.)
Use of firearms
- Provided that all other laws are complied with, an individual may temporarily borrow or rent a firearm for lawful purposes throughout the United States.
- Under United States federal law, the use of a firearm in a violent or drug trafficking crime is punishable by a mandatory prison sentence of up to 20 years. The minimum is one month. A second conviction, if the firearm is an automatic weapon or is equipped with a suppressor, brings life imprisonment without release.
- Some states now allow Permit to Carry a Firearm holders to have more rights regarding protection outside the home. Oklahoma passed a bill that allows permit holders to protect themselves using the same standard at home; "That your life was in danger". This has been tested several times in 2007 where permit holders were not prosecuted as they were defending themselves.
- Permits to carry a firearm are issued among the States in several categories. They are; Right to carry where no permit is required; Right to carry where a permit is required; May issue right restricted means that they may issue a permit, but tight controls are in place; and Shall issue with some rights restricted. An example from the last category is Florida, which is a Shall issue state but will not honor a "Non Resident" permit. This can get very confusing between the states' reciprocity laws and people need to check the states' laws before going across state lines.
Antiques
- Under the United States Gun Control Act of 1968, antique firearms and replicas are largely exempted from the aforementioned restrictions. Antique firearms are defined as: any firearm with a frame or receiver manufactured in or before 1898 regardless of ignition system, or any firearm with a matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar type of ignition system, and any replica of an antique firearm if the replica is not designed or redesigned for using rimfire or conventional centerfire ammunition, or uses fixed ammunition, which is no longer manufactured in the United States and which is not readily available in the ordinary channels or commercial trade, any muzzle loading rifle, muzzle loading shotgun, or muzzle loading pistol, which is designed to use black powder, or a black powder substitute, and which cannot use fixed ammunition. (Note: Antique firearms exemptions vary considerably under state laws.)
Shipping Firearms
- Firearms may not be mailed or shipped interstate from one non-FFL to another non-FFL but may be shipped intrastate. Personally owned rifles and shotguns may be mailed or shipped to an FFL in any state for any lawful purpose, including sale, repair, or customizing. An FFL may ship a firearm or replacement firearm of the same kind and type to a person from whom it was received. Under U.S. Postal regulations, handguns may be sent via the Postal Service only from one FFL to another FFL, or between authorized government officials.
- A person may ship a rifle or shotgun to himself, in care of a person who lives in another state, for purposes of hunting.
- Firearms delivered to a common carrier for shipment must be accompanied by a written notice to the carrier of the contents of the shipment, if mailing to persons other than licensed importers, licensed manufacturers, licensed dealers, or licensed collectors. Notice to the carrier is not required when shipping to one of the licensed entities aforementioned. Letter from BATFE summarizing shipping responsibilities under the law: Media:BATFE shipping letter.jpg
Transporting Firearms
- Firearms are generally prohibited on property in any K-12 school. This is mostly governed by state law instead of federal law, although a federal law does bar most such possession. A small number of states will allow concealed carry by permit holders on school property. In Utah, public schools (as opposed to private schools) are specifically required to allow permit holders to carry concealed on campus. A larger number of states allow some gun owners, most often concealed carry permit holders, to have their guns in their vehicles while on campus to attend, or transport others to or from, a school event.
- A provision of federal law serves as a defense to state or local laws which would prohibit the passage of persons with firearms in interstate travel.
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Notwithstanding any state or local law, a person shall be entitled to transport a firearm from any place where he may lawfully possess and transport such firearm to any other place where he may lawfully possess and transport such firearm if the firearm is unloaded and in a locked container. In vehicles without a locked container, the unloaded firearm shall be in a locked box other than the glove compartment or c
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