Fuel Oil Nozzles
Fuel Oil Nozzles
An oil burner is a heating device which burns fuel oil. The oil is atomized in to a fine spray usually by forcing it under pressure through a nozzle. This spray is usually ignited by an electric spark with the air being forced through by an electric fan.
Fuel injection
Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber by a Spray nozzle.
The nozzles are usually supplied with high pressure oil. Because of problems with erosion, and blockage due to lumps in the oil, they need frequent replacement typically every year. Fuel nozzles are usually rated in fuel volume flow per unit time eg USGal/h (U.S. Gallons per hour).
A fuel nozzle is characterized by 3 features:
- A flow of 7 bar pump pressure (0.65 (USGal / h))
- The spray characteristic (S)
- The spray angle (60 °)
Alternatively fuel may be passed over a tiny orifice fed with compressed air. This arrangement is referred to as babington atomiser/nozzle after it's inventor. As the oil flows over the nozzle , the fuel needn't be under any great pressure. If the pump can handle such the oil may even contain lumps such as scraps of food. Because it is only compressed air that passes through the orifice hole, such nozzles don't suffer much from erosion.
Oil pump
A fuel oil pump consists of two parts:
- Gear pump type
This sucks the oil and increases the pressure in the nozzles to 15 bar maximum. Usually a pump gear of the sickle type is used. This type of pump is a simple and therefore cheap pump consisting of one or more radical pairs of gears and with a very small space between the gears and the pump casing. Gear pumps are used frequently in oil burners because of their simplicity, stability and low price.
- Pressure regulator
To set the heat output of the burner, the rate of fuel delivery via the nozzle must be adjustable. This is often acheived by an adjustable pressure relief valve between the pump and the nozzle. When the set pressure is reaches usually 10 to 11 bar), this valve opens and allows excess oil through a bypass back to the fuel tank or pump suction.
Electromagnetic Valve
This enables fuel to be shut off from the sprayer by electrical control. This helps avoid drips when it is inactivated. It also eases the the purging of the burner (and any boiler) of fuel mist, during start up, or while restarting after a misfire. If the burner were not purged the oil/air mixture could explode dangerously.
Fan
The fan blows air into the combustion chamber. The rotor of the fan is powered by a electric motor.
Ignitors
Some oil burners use glow bars which operate much like the glow plugs of a diesel engine
Many use high voltage generated by a voltage-step up transformer and use a spark plug to initiate ignition
Photocell
A light sensitive resistor (LDR) detects the flame. The LDR (or Light Dependent Resistor) resistor is an electrical resistor whose value changes by the amount of light that it present. The resistance value of an LDR becomes smaller, as the LDR is more and more exposed. The material is usually cadmium sulfide, the dark resistance is 1.10 MΩ resistor while the light resistance is about 75-300 Ω. LDR's have a relatively slow response time.
Capacitor start motor
The fan and motor which drives the oil pump is usually a capacitor start motor. It is a vortex shortage tank motor because it also contains a short cage or cage holds. The difference with a three-phase motor is in the stator. Where the vortex power motor has three coils aligned at 120° in the stator, the capacitor start motor holds one main winding and one auxiliary winding aligned at 90°. The phase shift of 90° between the main winding and the auxiliary winding is achieved by a connected capacitor which feeds the auxiliary winding and is connected on the single-phase AC mains. The capacitor will achieve a phase shift of 90° between the main and the auxiliary winding, producing an acceptable initial torque. This motor is intended for continuous operation.
Order for starting an oil burner
- Purge the burner/boiler with air
- Mistify the fuel oil
- Deflagrate the mistified fuel oil with a high voltage between two electrodes
- Check with flame detection whether the fuel oil fires up
If the burning does not catch on, the burner will go into alarm and must be then be manually reset.
See also
- Heating oil
- Boiler
- Portable stove
- Kerosene lamp
- LO-NOx burner
- Rayburn Range
- Passive house
- Central heating
- Heater
- Dilution factor
- Jet Fuel Oil
- babington Oil Burner
References
- ^ James L. Kittle (1990). Home Heating & Air Conditioning Systems . McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0830632573 . http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0830632573&id=f5Md9EaJ-xEC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&ots=GeVhH98zFc&dq=%22Oil+Burner%22&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=-kcv0gXQHE68o3PzzUNbkR5rH_w .
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