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The Astor House Hotel (礼查饭店), (known as the Pujiang Hotel (浦江饭店) in Chinese since 1959), which has been described as once "one of the famous hotels of the world", "the pride of Shanghai", "a landmark of modern Shanghai", and perhaps hyperbolically as "once the most luxurious hotel in the world", was the first Western hotel established in China. Established in 1846 as Richards' Hotel and Restaurant (礼查饭店) on The Bund in Shanghai, it has been in its present location at 15 Huangpu Lu, Shanghai, near the confluence of the Huangpu River and the Suzhou Creek in the Hongkou District, near the northern end of the Waibaidu (Garden) Bridge, since 1858.
Location
The Astor House Hotel has been located on the North Bund of Shanghai, near the northern end of the Waibaidu Bridge (Chinese: 外白渡; pinyin: Wàibáidù Qiáo) (the Garden Bridge in English), since its relocation in 1858 from near Jinling East Road, in the Shanghai French Concession on the southern end of The Bund. Today the Astor House Hotel is located on a 4,580 square metre site and has a total building area of 16,563 square metres with 134 rooms and suites. It is near the confluence of the Huangpu River and the Suzhou Creek, near "the point where the Soochow Creek poured its silt into the river's clouded yellow waters." It is sited at the intersection of Huangpu Lu (formerly Astor Road), Daming Lu (Broadway), Changzi Dong Lu (Seward Road), Suzhou Bei Lu (Soochow Road), and Zhongshan Dong Yi (The Bund) roads. Its mailing address is 15 Huangpu Road. For many years, the Hotel was the best known landmark in the Hongkou District and the centre of foreign social life before the opening of the Cathay Hotel. The Hotel occupies an entire block, and is across the road from the Russian Consulate, and previously the embassies of Germany, the United States and Japan. The Hotel is located near Huangpu Park (simplified Chinese: 黄浦公园; traditional Chinese: 黃浦公園; pinyin: Huángpǔ Gōngyuán), which opened in 1886 as Public Garden; across the road from the Broadway Mansions since its construction in 1935; the Hongkou market, "Shanghai's biggest market, where farmers brought their fowl and produce to sell every day"; and Little Tokyo, the Japanese part of Shanghai.
History
The story of the Astor House Hotel in Shanghai provides a revealing insight into the history of China itself. According to Rob Gifford, "The Astor House Hotel has witnessed the whole sweep of China's emergence into the modern world, from English opium running in the 1840s through the tea dances of polite society in the 1920s and to the excesses of Maoist China in the 1960s."
Richards' Hotel and Restaurant (1846–1859)
Main article: History of the Astor House Hotel (Shanghai) 1844 to 1858On 29 August 1842 the Treaty of Nanjing declared Shanghai to be one of five open treaty ports in China, the others being Canton, Amoy, Foochow, and Ningpo. On 17 November 1843 Shanghai was declared open to foreign traders, and soon after the British concession in Shanghai was established and the boundaries gradually defined. The resident foreign population of the British concession increased gradually: "In 1844 it was 50, in the following year 90, and after five years it had grown to 175. In addition there was a floating population , consisting of the men on shore from the ships in harbour."
Peter Felix Richards (1846–1859)
Among the very first foreign residents of Shanghai was a Scottish merchant, Peter Felix Richards (born 6 April 1808 in Edinburgh, Scotland; died 14 November 1868 in Shanghai, China) who had been doing business in China from about 1840. During 1844 Richards established P.F. Richards & Co. (Shanghai and Fuchowfoo), which operated a general store, ship chandler, and commission agent business, on 4th Avenue (四马路) (now Fuzhou Road; 福州路) about a "block and a half to the west" of Sichuan Road. P.F. Richards & Co. imported and sold staples of English diets.
In 1846, Richards opened one of the first western restaurants in Shanghai and the first western hotel in China, south of the Yangkingpang (Yangjingbang) creek on the river front on The Bund facing the Huangpu River near Jinling Road East, in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, in what became in 1849 the French Concession. Named after its founder, Richards' Hotel and Restaurant (礼查饭店; "Licha"; Lee-zo), was "a single and ordinary building", in the Baroque style. that targeted initially the seafaring clientele that made up the bulk of travelers to 19th century Shanghai. One contemporary account describes corridors and floors whose color and design echoed those on ships. Almost a century later, John B. Powell recounted the origins of the Hotel: "The Astor House Hotel ... had grown from a boarding house established originally by the skipper of some early American clipper, who left his ship at Shanghai. A string of sea captains followed the original as managers of the hotel.
The very first public meeting of the British settlement was in the newly opened Richards' Hotel on 22 December 1846.
By 1848 Richards had married Rebecca MacKenzie (born 6 May 1826 in Brechin, Forfarshire, Scotland), and they had their first child, Rebecca A. Richards (born about 1848 in Shanghai). Other children included: Adelaide (born about 1851 in Shanghai), Amelia (born about 1852 in Shanghai), Helen Mary (born about 1853 in Shanghai; died 10 February 1861 in Shanghai), Peter Felix MacKenzie Richards (born about 1863 in Shanghai; died 18 December 1920 in Colchester, Essex, England), and Frederick Edward Richards (born about 1864 in Shanghai).
In August 1850 Richards advertised that a reading room for shipmasters had been established in his hotel.
By 1854 Richards was the owner of the Pekin , a lugger-rigged vessel, that successfully eluded a fleet of Chinese pirate junks, on a voyage originating in Shanghai on 10 June, with Richards on board. After an auction in Shanghai on 27 March 1855, Richards purchased the ship Margaret Mitchell , which had run aground off Woosung on 1 February 1855 and required extensive repairs to make it seaworthy, from its master, Thomas Jameson for $20,000, (then worth nearly £7,000), which was paid on 16 April 1855. Additionally, repairs were estimated initially to cost at least $40,000, but increased due to further damage after a collision with the dry dock gate at Shanghai on 4 April 1855. Richards had to mortgage the ship and other assets to finance the purchase, repairs and subsequent return voyage to England at an interest rate of 24%. On 26 March 1855 John Dewsnap, an American engineer who had constructed the dry dock at Hongkou in 1852, defended successfully a lawsuit brought by Jameson in the United States Consular Court of Shanghai for $20,000 for his part in causing the damage in the collision with the dry dock's gate. After 15 September 1855, the Margaret Mitchell left Shanghai under the control of ship master Captain Dewey Stiles, and after stops at Canton; Whampoa, where a mortgage of £1,336 was obtained from Anthon & Co. to finance insurance of the freight and the ship; Batavia; and Amsterdam, arrived in London on 23 May 1856, by which time Richards had discharged the mortgage obtained in Hong Kong. Two of Rebecca's brothers, James Mackenzie (born about 1830) and David Mackenzie (born about 1834), assisted in the operation of Richards' business until their termination in September 1857.
Insolvency (1856-1857)
After 1 March 1856, Richards announced that his company would be renamed "Richards & Co.", and that during his upcoming absence from Shanghai that James McKenzie would manage his operations in Shanghai, while George D. Symonds would manage his interests in Fuchowfoo, and that both were authorised to sign by procuration. On 15 May 1856, while in New York, Richards' company was declared insolvent by decree of the British Consular Court in Shanghai, and all of his assets (including the Margaret Mitchell and the Richards' Hotel) were assigned provisionally to his creditors, Britons William Herbert Vacher and Charles Wills (died 8 September 1857), acting on behalf of Gilman, Bowman and Jardine, Mathieson respectively. Vacher and Wills authorised James McKenzie to continue to manage the store and ship chandlery "under inspection". By early June 1856 Richards planned to leave New York to return to England in order to sell the Margaret Mitchell to ameliorate his financial situation. However, Richards' ownership of the Margaret Mitchell was disputed by Thomas Mitchell of Glasgow, the original owner, and by another group who had purchased it from Stiles, the ship's master, upon its return to England.
William Herbert Vacher (born ca.1826 in London; died 1899 in Hastings, England), a leading freemason, was a member of the Shanghai Municipal Council from 1855–1856, and represented Gilman and Bowman, a British hong established as a tea trader in 1840, and was by 1859 chairman of the influential Shanghai British Chamber of Commerce. In 1859 Vacher is listed as resident in Ningpo. Vacher retired as a partner in Gilman & Bowman in 1865, and returned to England, where he became the first manager of the London office of the newly established The Hongkong and Shanghai Bankin
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