Reiki ( 霊気 or レイキ ? , /ˈreɪkiː/ ) is a spiritual practice developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui, and uses a technique commonly called palm healing as a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Through the use of this technique, sometimes refereed to as " tenohira " (meaning "the palm" in Japanese), practitioners believe that they are transferring "healing energy" in the form of qi (or ki in Japanese) through the palms.
There are two main branches of Reiki, commonly referred to as Traditional Reiki and Western Reiki . Within both Traditional and Westernised forms of Reiki, there are three forms of degrees, commonly refereed to as the First, Second, and Master/Teacher degree. According to Reiki practitioners and Masters, at First Degree, a Reiki practitioner is able to heal themselves and others, at Second Degree is able to heal others distantly (commonly called distant healing ) with the use of specialised symbols, and at Master/Teacher level is able to teach and attune others to Reiki.
A systematic review of randomised clinical trials conducted in 2008 did not support the efficacy of Reiki or its recommendation for use in the treatment of any condition. The Catholic Church has also sought to stop the practise of Reiki within Catholic health care facilities and retreat centres as it is " unscientific " and therefore " inappropriate for Catholic institutions ".
The Japanese word Reiki ("霊気" in Shinjitai Japanese), meaning "mysterious atmosphere / spiritual power" is a loanword from the Chinese word língqì ("靈氣" in Traditional Chinese, "灵气" in Simplified Chinese), which some Chinese-English dictionaries translate as "spiritual influence (of mountains etc) / cleverness / ingeniousness"; This Japanese compound joins the words rei (霊), meaning "ghost, spirit, soul / supernatural, miraculous, divine; ethereal body", with ki (気), meaning "gas, air / breath / energy / force / atmosphere / mood / intention / emotion, attention", here meaning qi , which means "spiritual energy / vital energy / life force / energy of life". Some Reiki translation equivalents from Japanese-English dictionaries are: "feeling of mystery", "an atmosphere (feeling) of mystery", and "an ethereal atmosphere (that prevails in the sacred precincts of a shrine); (feel, sense) a spiritual (divine) presence."
Used in English, Reiki is syntactically used as a noun, referring to either "the putative energy" or "the therapeutic method based upon it," though is commonly used as a verb and an adjective. Through transliterations, a word cannot be translated with precision pertaining to the original language, and some Western authors loosely translate Reiki as meaning "universal life energy". This coinage partially mistranslates, as ki means "life energy", though rei does not mean "universal".
Reiki was discovered by Mikao Usui (臼井甕男) in 1922 whilst performing a twenty-one day retreat on Mount Kurama, involving meditation, fasting, and prayer. Usui said that by mystical revelation, he had gained the knowledge and spiritual power to apply and attune others to what he called Reiki, and in April 1922, Usui moved to Tokyo and founded the Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai ("臼井靈氣療法學會", meaning Usui's Reiki Healing Society ).
Usui was an admirer of the literary works of the Emperor Meiji (明治天皇), and in the process of developing his Reiki system, summarised some of the emperor's works into a set of ethical principles, which later became known as the Five Reiki Precepts (五戒, or Gokai, meaning "The Five Commandments"). Many Reiki teachers and practitioners aim to abide by these five precepts, or principles, one translation of which is
During his lifetime, Usui taught over 2000 students to use Reiki, and sixteen of these students continued their training to reach the Shinpiden level, a level equivalent to the Western third degree, or Master/Teacher level. In 1926 on 9 March, Usui died of a stroke.
After Usui's death, Chujiro Hayashi (林 忠次郎), a former student, left the Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai and formed his own association. Hayashi simplified the Reiki teachings, stressing physical healing and using a more codified and simpler set of Reiki techniques.
Hayashi then initiated and trained Hawayo Takata, who travelled widely throughout the United States, practising Reiki and teaching the first two levels to others. Takata stressed the importance of charging money for Reiki treatments and teachings, and in 1976 began teaching the Shinpiden level and introduced the term Reiki Master for the level. She also fixed a price of $10,000USD (roughly £6,500GBP or €7,400EUR) for the Master training.
Takata died in 1980, by which time she had trained 22 Reiki masters,, and almost all Reiki taught outside Japan can be attributed to her work.
Today many branches of Reiki exist, though there are two major systems, respectively called Traditional Japanese Reiki and Western Reiki .
The term Traditional Japanese Reiki is normally used to describe the specific system that formed from Usui's original teachings and the teachings that did not leave Japan. During the 1990s, Western teachers travelled to Japan in order to find this particular system of Reiki, though found nothing. They therefore started to establish Reiki schools, and started to teach Reiki levels 1 and 2 to the Japanese. Around 1993, a German Reiki Master, Frank Arjava Petter, also started to teach to the Master/Teacher level, and as a result, the Japanese started teaching their knowledge of Traditional Reiki. Since then, several systems of Traditional Japanese Reiki have been established, the main systems of which are listed below.
Jikiden Reiki (直傳靈氣, meaning "The Direct Teaching of Spiritual Energy") is the name given to the original system that was taught by Dr. Hayashi, and was founded by Mrs. Yamaguchi and her son, Tadao Yamaguchi (山口 忠夫).
Western Reiki is a system that was developed by Hawayo Takata. The principle difference between the traditions is the use of set hand patterns for internal treatments instead of Reiki-ho , the intuitive skill of "knowing where to place the hands." Western Reiki places more emphasis on the healing of ailments, and ascension to higher levels of attunement is more formalised.
The Western Reiki tradition spread to Hawaii first, then to California, and then to the rest of the Western world. As a result of the second world war, Takata decided to modify the Traditional Japanese Reiki system in order to make it more understandable and credible to the mentality of the West, of which several variations followed. Additionally, there are independent teachers and small associations who continue Takata's system independent of the Reiki associations, a few of which are listed below.
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