Outdoor Wireless Video Camera

IP cameras are Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras that use Internet Protocol to transmit image data and control signals over a Fast Ethernet link. As such, IP cameras are also commonly referred to as network cameras. IP cameras are primarily used for surveillance in the same manner as analog closed-circuit television. A number of IP cameras are normally deployed together with a digital video recorder (DVR) or a network video recorder (NVR) to form a video surveillance system.

IP Cameras

A growing branch in CCTV is Internet Protocol Cameras (IP Cameras). IP cameras allow homeowners and businesses to view their camera(s) through any internet connection available through a computer or a 3G phone.

Internet Protocol is a protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched network using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP.

IP Camera Features

2 way audio allow users to communicate what they are seeing (e.g. Petrol station clerk assisting a customer on how to use the prepay pumps).

LED lighting which is used for Night vision. This feature gives users the ability to view low light areas, known as Night Vision.

Ability to view at a streaming rate, some HDTV IP cameras have a resolution of 2592 X 1944. Frame per second recording rates have also been increasing. IP cameras are also able to function on a wireless network. Initial configuration has to be done through a router, however after the IP camera is installed it can then be used on the wireless network. ip camera help make iptv more enhanced (e.g. the video call and video chat through your ipchatting)

History

The first IP camera was released in 1996 by Axis Communications. It used a custom web server internal to the camera. In late 1999, they started using embedded Linux to operate their cameras. Axis also released documentation for their low-level API called "VAPIX" which builds on the open standards of HTTP and RTSP. This open architecture was intended to encourage third-party software manufacturers to develop compatible management and recording software.

As with digital still cameras, the resolution of IP cameras has increased with time. Megapixel IP CCTV cameras are now available at resolutions of 1, 2, 3, 5 and even 11 megapixels. Today there are many manufacturers of IP cameras. IP surveillance equipment vendors include both specialized digital imaging equipment manufacturers and larger manufacturers that are active in consumer, broadcast, and security video.

Standards

Analog CCTV uses established CCTV and broadcast television formats (e.g. CIF, NTSC, PAL, and SECAM) . Since analog video standards are mature, concerns over incompatibility between analog surveillance cameras and recording systems are uncommon.

IP surveillance cameras, on the other hand, do not benefit from the same level of standardization. Generally speaking, each make of IP camera will differ in terms of its specific features and functions, video encoding (compression) schemes, supported network protocols, and the API to be used by video management software.

In order to address issues of standardization of IP video surveillance, two industry groups were formed in 2008. The Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF)and the Physical Security Interoperability Alliance (PSIA). While the PSIA was founded by 20 member companies including Honeywell, GE Security and Cisco, and ONVIF was founded by Axis, Bosch and Sony, each group now has numerous members. As of January 2009, each group had released version 1.0 of their specification.

Some of the most commonly cited advantages of IP-based video surveillance as compared to analog CCTV summarized in this section.

Cost advantages

  • Reduced system cost and added functionality due to general-purpose IP networking equipment infrastructure.
  • Lower cost of cabling in large installations (CAT5e instead of RG-59 coaxial cable).
  • Reduced space requirements in large (many camera) CCTV setups because video switching and routing is done via computer and does not need physically large and expensive video matrix switchers.

Flexible image format

  • Support for a variety of image resolutions including both standard analog CCTV resolutions (CIF, NTSC, PAL, and SECAM) and megapixel resolutions.
  • Capability for digital zoom of high-resolution megapixel images.
  • Progressive scan (versus interlaced scanning). Note that not all IP cameras operate in progressive scan mode. Progressive scan allows still images to be removed in better quality from a video feed. This is particularly true for a fast moving target, in which case interlaced scanning will introduce shutter-blind artifacts.
  • Ability to select specific frame rates and resolution for each camera in a system.
  • No additional video encoder hardware is required to convert analog video signals into digital data for recording onto hard drives.
  • Choice of video compression codec such as Motion JPEG, MPEG-4 Part 2, or H.264.

Extensible network infrastructure

  • Convergence onto new or existing IP cabling infrastructure, including sites with multiple buildings.
  • Ability to use Power over Ethernet allowing for one cable to handle power and data.
  • Capability for deploying with a wireless bridge.
  • Ability to use legacy coaxial cables with appropriate converters.
  • Ability to use fiber optic links with appropriate twisted-pair to fiber converters.
  • Transmission of commands for PTZ (pan, tilt, zoom) cameras via a single network cable.
  • Simple to add one camera at a time to the system.

Greater functionality

  • Wireless allows the camera to be placed just about anywhere.
  • No limit on resolution inherent in standard analog video formats. Megapixel cameras can far exceed image detail from conventional CCTV cameras.
  • On-camera automated alerting via email or file transfer in response to video motion detection or dry-contact alarms.
  • Password lockout of unauthorized personnel to prevent viewing images or altering the camera configuration.
  • Support for different streaming media and compression formats to relieve transmission bandwidth and data storage requirements.
  • Encryption of camera control data and audio/video data.
  • Support for new embedded intelligent video motion detection (video analytics) with shape recognition and counting applied to objects, people, and vehicles.
  • Integration of video surveillance with other systems and functions such as access control, alarm systems, building management, traffic management, etc.
  • Remote configuration, diagnostics, and maintenance.
  • Future-proof installations with field-upgradeable products due to the ability to upgrade camera firmware over the network.

Potential disadvantages of IP cameras

The following are some of the potential weaknesses of IP cameras in comparison to analog CCTV cameras.

  • Higher initial cost per camera.
  • Less choice of manufacturers.
  • Lack of standards. Different IP cameras may encode video differently or use a different programming interface. This means a particular camera model should be deployed only with compatible IP video recording solutions.
  • High network bandwidth requirements: a typical CCTV camera with resolution of 640x480 pixels and 10 frames per second (10 frame/s) in MJPEG mode requires about 3 Mbit/s.
  • Technical barrier. Installation for IP Camera required a series of complicated network setting including IP address, DDNS, router setting and port forwarding. This is very difficult for most users to do alone, without help from an IT technician.
  • Lower dynamic range - i.e. reduced ability to cope with low light and high contrast scenes.

References

  1. ^ IP Camera Standards In Development
  2. ^ ONVIF's website
  3. ^ PSIA website
  4. ^ Overview of ONVIF and PSIA IP Camera Specifications
  5. ^ http://www.imakenews.com/kin2/e_article000462723.cfm?x=b8v5FDQ,b25tl0b3,w
  6. ^ http://www.imakenews.com/kin2/e_article000654641.cfm?x=b8v5FDQ,b25tl0b3,w
  7. ^ Demonstration of Megapixel Camera Advantages
  8. ^ IP Camera Higher Initial Costs
  9. ^ Network bandwidth and video storage space calculation by JVSG, January 17, 2008
  10. ^ Technical Barrier for IP-based Video Products by StarVedia, April 10, 2009

See also

  • Closed-circuit television (CCTV)
  • Closed-circuit television camera
  • Managed video as a service

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